Posts by Amber Coogan
The 2019 marine heatwave at Ocean Station Papa
(Adapted from Kohlman et al., 2024)
Marine Heat Waves (MHW; Hobday et al., 2016) are prolonged periods of extreme ocean sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies. MHWs are typically identified in satellite SST and/or ocean color records; subsurface data and interdisciplinary variables are often lacking. Ocean Station Papa (OSP) provided long-term, interdisciplinary, subsurface data to examine the physical and biochemical characteristics of a MHW in the Northeast Pacific.
MHWs may have multi-faceted causes, as well as impacts on primary production and higher trophic levels. A recent paper by Kohlman et al. (2024) examines the 2019 NE Pacific MHW using gridded satellite SST data and in-situ observations from multiple OSP platforms including the NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Lab (PMEL) surface mooring, two OOI Flanking Moorings, the Applied Physics Lab (U. Washington) waverider mooring and shipboard samples from OOI and the Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Canada.
The 2019 MHW was identified in satellite SST data, but the Kohlman et al. study also assessed vertical stratification and the subsurface extent of the temperature signal. The PMEL surface mooring provided temperature and salinity (T/S) down to 300 m. The OOI Flanking Moorings extended the T/S data to 1500 m. The resulting composite time series from 2013-2020 is shown in Fig. 1. Both the extended 2013-2015 MHW and the 2019 MHW are identifiable. Subsurface temperature anomalies during 2013-2014 were strongest above the mixed layer depth (MLD). In the winter and spring of 2017, deeper waters (120–300 m) remained anomalously warm. This anomaly persisted into 2018 due to strong stratification from a fresher surface layer. During the 2019 MHW, anomalously warm waters extended down to 1000 m, whereas the 2013-2015 MHW extended only to about 150 m.
The authors used interdisciplinary data available from Station Papa platforms to assess the drivers and impacts of the 2019 MHW. They found that weaker winds and smaller significant wave height prior to the summer of 2019 created favorable pre-conditioning in the form of an unusually shallow winter MLD. During the MHW, they found that dissolved inorganic carbon and pCO2 decreased, while pH increased. Shipboard samples indicated a decrease in nutrients and an increase in primary productivity. Finally, they speculated that the increased productivity may have had an impact on higher trophic levels – more blue whale calls were recorded in 2019 at Station Papa than normal for Aug-Sep.
This project shows that the characteristics of MHWs are complex. Sustained, multi-disciplinary, subsurface observations are needed to unravel the drivers, pre-conditioning, characteristics, and impacts of these events. Station Papa, among the longest sustained ocean time series sites, is uniquely suited due to the task due to the collaborative observing effort at the site.
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Figure 1. Subsurface temperature anomalies at Staton Papa during 2013-2020. Data from the surface to 300 m are from the PMEL surface mooring. Data below 300 m are from the OOI Flanking Moorings. Anomalies are relative to the 1999-2020 Argo climatology. The density-based mixed layer depth (black) and isothermal depth (purple) are overlaid. From Kohlman et al., 2024.[/caption]
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References:
Hobday, A.J., Alexander, L.V., Perkins, S.E., Smale, D.A., Straub, S.C., Oliver, E.C.J., et al. (2016). A hierarchical approach to defining marine heatwaves. Prog. Oceanog., 141(0079–6611), 227–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2015.12.014.
Kohlman, C., Cronin, M.F., Dziak, R., Mellinger, D.K., Sutton, A., Galbraith, M., et al. (2024). The 2019 marine heatwave at Ocean Station Papa: A multi‐disciplinary assessment of ocean conditions and impacts on marine ecosystems. J. Geophys. Res., 129, e2023JC020167. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JC020167.
Read MoreSubmarine canyon sediment transport and accumulation during sea level highstand: Interactive seasonal regimes in the head of Astoria Canyon, WA
Lahr et al. (2025) use in-situ hydrodynamic data from a benthic tripod deployment in the head of Astoria Canyon to show that sediment resuspension and transport during summer is driven by internal tides and plume-associated nonlinear internal waves. Observations of shoreward-directed currents and low shear stresses (<0.14 Pa) along with sediment trap data suggest that seasonal loading of the canyon head occurs during summer. Nearby long-term wave data from the OOI Washington Shelf mooring shows that winter storm significant wave height often exceeds 10 m, driving shear stress capable of resuspending all grain sizes present within the canyon head. Swell events are generally concurrent with downwelling flows, providing a mechanism for episodic downcanyon sediment flux. This study indicates that canyon heads can continue to function as sites of sediment winnowing and bottom boundary layer export even with a detached, shelf-depth canyon head.
As part of this study, Lahr et al. (2025), used data from the OOI Washington Shelf Surface Mooring located 81 km north of the tripod site in Astoria Canyon. The 2019 benthic tripod deployment by Ogston was done as an ancillary activity on the Endurance 11B cruise aboard R/V Oceanus. The data used were concurrent spectral surface wave and meteorological data near bed current velocity for 2016 (chosen for its complete records). Figure xx shows the benthic tripod stress overlaid with the OOI Washington shelf mooring stress. Over the summer, the benthic tripod stress and OOI estimated stress compare well. Winter stresses (available from OOI mooring only) are much larger than those observed in summer.
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Figure 1. Shear stress computed from the Astoria Canyon tripod deployment (black) and the OOI Shelf mooring (gray). Panels a) and b) depict relative stress contributions from waves and currents respectively, c) the distribution of total stresses, and d) maximum shear stresses from summer and winter on a Shields diagram. (Figure 3, Lahr et al., 2025)[/caption]
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Reference:
Lahr, E.J., A.S. Ogston, J.C. Hill, H.E. Glover, and K.J. Rosenberger (2025). Submarine canyon sediment transport and accumulation during sea level highstand: Interactive seasonal regimes in the head of Astoria Canyon, WA. Marine Geology, no. (2025): 107516. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025322725000416.
Read MoreRCA Broadband Provides First Report of Tremor-Like Signals Offshore Cascadia
The recent publication “Possible Shallow Tectonic Tremor Signals Near the Deformation Front in Central Cascadia” (Krauss et al., 2025) presents the first report of tectonic tremor-like signals offshore Cascadia. As described by the authors, deep slow-slip events in Cascadia—lasting from hours to weeks—have been documented by land-based stations for decades. These events can accommodate a significant portion of overall plate motion and may serve as precursors to megathrust earthquakes. Over the past two decades, significant tectonic tremor activity (1–10 Hz) has been observed as a feature of slow slip every 10.5–15.5 months beneath Vancouver Island to northern Oregon (Bombardier et al. 2024), with annual slip events equivalent to a magnitude ~6.5 earthquake. These typically occur well inland, at depths of approximately 30–40 km. Contrastingly, it is unknown whether slow-slip events and accompanying tectonic tremor occur at shallow subduction depths in the offshore region.
Krauss et al. (2025) analyzed data collected 2015-2024 from buried ocean-bottom seismometers (OBS) at two sites: Slope Base (2,920 m depth), located 5 km seaward of the deformation front, and Southern Hydrate Ridge (790 m depth), approximately 20 km landward. The analysis incorporated in-situ bottom current data. After applying short- and long-term averaging techniques, the study identified 85,000 signals at Slope Base and 30,055 at Southern Hydrate Ridge, encompassing T-phase events, ship noise, and tectonic tremor-like signals. Notably, tectonic tremor-like signals were observed exclusively at Slope Base.
These signals cannot be attributed to ship traffic or environmental noise. Instead, they are hypothesized to originate from slow slip on one of many nearby tectonic structures: the décollement fault, faults near the subduction zone front and outermost accretionary wedge, faults on the incoming Juan de Fuca Plate, or nearby strike-slip structures such as the Alvin Canyon Fault. However, without additional observations of these signals on multiple stations, it is unclear whether they are tectonic or represent another signal altogether.
Future deployments, such as those planned through the Cascadia Offshore Subduction Zone Observatory (COSZO) will improve our ability to pinpoint the sources of these offshore tremors. The full dataset and results are available on GitHub (https://github.com/zoekrauss/obs_tremor) and archived on Zenodo (https://zenodo.org/records/14532861).
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Figure 1. a) Location of the Regional Cabled Array cabled broadband seismometers (OBS’s -cyan triangles) offshore Newport Oregon and an autonomous instrument (purple triangle), earthquakes (pink circles) and along and just offshore the Cascadia Margin. b) sustained tremor-like signals from the broadband at Slope Base. c) Subsurface structure across strike of the margin showing location of Slope Base and Southern Hydrate Ridge OBS’s, accretionary margin faults and demarcation of a boundary interpreted to be a protothrust between the sedimentary column and the incoming Juan de Fuca Plate crust.[/caption]
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References:
Krauss, Z., Wilcock, W.D.S., and Creager, K.C. (2025) Possible shallow tectonic tremor signals near the deformation front in Central Caldera. Seismica, https://seismica.library.mcgill.ca/article/view/1540.
Bombardier, M., Cassidy, J.F., Dosso, S.E., and K. Honn (2024) Spatial distribution of tremor episodes from long-term monitoring in the northern Cascadia Subduction Zone. Journal of Geophysical Research, https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JB029159.
Read MoreOOI Contributions Featured at 2025 Slocum Glider User’s Conference & Sentinel Launch
The global oceanographic community gathered in Woods Hole October 7–9 for the 2025 Slocum Glider User’s Conference. The meeting convened users, scientists, engineers, and mission planners to advance next-generation autonomous ocean observing.
For OOI, the event provided a timely forum to share nearly a decade of experience integrating Slocum gliders into sustained, basin-scale observing. OOI has deployed Slocums to collect high-resolution profiles of temperature, salinity, oxygen, chlorophyll, nitrate, optical properties, and currents across energetic and climatically sensitive regions. These long records (gathered in all seasons and weather) have supported research on boundary currents, carbon cycling, marine heatwaves, ecosystem change, and storm-ocean interaction.
The OOI Team presented two posters at the conference, one documenting eight years of glider operations at the OOI Pioneer New England Shelf Array and the other describing the operational approach and initial outcomes from the Pioneer Mid-Atlantic Bight Array, which was started in April 2004. Diana Wickman presented a talk on “Tips, Tricks and Best Practices” for long-duration glider missions, an area where OOI has unique expertise.
The conference week concluded with the October 10 launch of the Sentinel Mission, the first attempt to autonomously circumnavigate the globe by AUV, using REDWING, a Slocum Sentinel Glider.
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Diana Wickman (WHOI) gives a tour of the Glider Lab at LOSOS. © Andy Robinson / WHOI[/caption]
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Tour of the Glider Lab at LOSOS. © Andy Robinson / WHOI[/caption]
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Peter de Menocal (WHOI) speaks at Sentinel Mission Launch event. © Amber Coogan / WHOI[/caption]
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PAMPortal Highlights OOI Acoustic Data
OOI data are now featured in PAMPortal, a new cloud-based tool that makes it easier for researchers to explore acoustic detections and soundscape metrics. PAMPortal integrates the passive acoustic analysis workflow using PAMGuard and PAMpal as part of its internal processing services (rather than as general public support tool for independent PAMGuard or PAMpal processing). This setup allows users to engage directly with marine mammal detection products and acoustic summaries.
For the OOI community, this connection is especially exciting. The tool’s built-in example dataset is drawn from OOI acoustic data. By selecting “Use Example Data,” users will see an informational card that acknowledges OOI and links to additional resources, providing a clear entry point into OOI’s rich acoustic archive.
By presenting OOI data in an accessible, interactive format, PAMPortal aims to make it easier to work with complex acoustic datasets and encourages broader use of OOI resources in research and discovery.

Wave Energy Converter Project Moves Toward At-Sea Testing
OOI, in partnership with the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE’s) Water Power Technologies Office (WPTO) is preparing to deploy a wave energy converter (WEC) device on the Pioneer MAB central surface mooring. The project aims to demonstrate how wave energy can provide reliable, renewable power for sustained ocean observation.
A recent visit brought together the team, which is comprised of experts from OOI, WPTO, Sandia National Laboratories, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Evergreen Innovations, Johns Hopkins University, East Carolina University, and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) to focus on engineering validation for the Pioneer WEC, a critical step before at-sea testing later in the fall.
During the visit, the team carried out subsystem testing, integrated the WEC with the buoy, assembled the full system, and tested it under varied scenarios. This rigorous preparation is crucial for de-risking the upcoming deployment.
This project represents an important step toward persistent ocean observing systems. By reducing reliance on ship-based servicing and enabling longer-term autonomous operation, wave energy has the potential to transform how sustained ocean science is conducted.
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Taylor Mankle, NREL, and Johannes Spinneken, Evergreen Innovations, inspect the WEC housing installed in the buoy base. © Amber Coogan, WHOI[/caption]
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Joshua Bauer, NREL, captures still images for a 360° photographic reconstruction of WEC. © Ken Kostel, WHOI[/caption]
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Joshua Bauer, NREL; Taylor Mankle, NREL; Meghan Donohue, WHOI; and Alex Franks, WHOI, install the WEC system into its watertight housing. © Ken Kostel, WHOI[/caption]
Read More This research vessel studies an underwater volcano off Oregon’s coast
The Research Vessel Atlantis is a ship currently around 300 miles off of the Oregon Coast, as it monitors the Axial Seamount underwater volcano and replaces sensors and equipment that are part of the Regional Cabled Array. Read more from Fox 12 Oregon.
Read MoreMiniboat Hesperia Deployed from R/V Atlantis During OOI RCA Cruise
On August 24, 2025, during the 2025 Regional Cabled Array (RCA) Operations and Maintenance cruise, a small miniboat named M/B Hesperia was launched into the Pacific. About two hours after departing Axial Seamount, the boat was carefully deployed by hand off the starboard side of the R/V Atlantis.
The deployment was conducted at 15:31 PDT by Bosun Ed Popowitz and Able-Bodied Seaman Esteban Mogollon at coordinates 45.809950° N, 129.575011° W. The launch was met with enthusiasm and excitement from the crew, who gathered to watch Hesperia set sail.
This effort supports the Educational Passages Program and the Oregon Coast STEM Hub, part of Oregon Sea Grant, helping connect students and communities with ocean science through hands-on exploration.
You can follow the journey of M/B Hesperia in real time here: Track the boat.
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M. Elend, University of Washington, V25[/caption]
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M. Elend, University of Washington, V25[/caption]
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M. Elend, University of Washington, V25[/caption]
Read More New Measurements Capture Variability at the Edge of the Gulf Stream
The Ocean Observatories Initiative (OOI) Pioneer Array plays an important role in advancing our understanding of the Mid-Atlantic Bight and its dynamic interactions with the Gulf Stream. The Gulf Stream separates from the continental shelf northeast of Cape Hatteras and is found just offshore of the Pioneer MAB Array at its new location east of Nags Head, North Carolina. The Pioneer MAB science drivers include investigation of shelf-slope exchange that may result from Gulf Stream eddies and meanders. In order to capture variability offshore of the shelf, the Pioneer moored array extends offshore, but only to water depths of 300 m to avoid direct interaction with the Gulf Stream.
To supplement the Pioneer Array observations while enabling investigation of mesoscale variability, identifying western excursions of the Gulf Stream north wall, and detecting the upper portion of the Deep Western Boundary Current (DWBC), specialized instruments were deployed in deeper water. PI Magdalena Andres (WHOI), supported by an NSF Rapid Response Research (RAPID) grant, deployed two current- and pressure-sensor-equipped inverted echo sounders (CPIES; Fig. 1) on the 1000 m isobath. The two CPIES are about 40-km apart and are positioned to allow comparison with a glider which is running a north/south line (nominally) along the 1000 m isobath.
The CPIESs were deployed in June 2024 and will remain on site for four years. They are equipped with Popup Data Shuttles (PDSs) that return batches of data via satellite at regular intervals throughout the deployment. The CPIES measure round-trip vertical acoustic travel time with bursts of 16 pings every 10 minutes, along with near-bottom pressure and current measurements every 30 minutes. Travel time provides information about vertical density structure. Bottom pressure helps to diagnose large-scale barotropic circulation and sea level changes. Near-bottom currents give local flow conditions and help resolve ambiguities between baroclinic and barotropic contributions.
The first round of PDS data has been processed and is available to the community. Hourly processed data and lowpass filtered data from the two deployments sites can be accessed from a listing on the Community Data Sets page of the OOI website, or directly from the CPIES Data Set landing page. The new CPIES observations are complementary to the Pioneer Array measurements, extend the Array footprint offshore, and provide unique data for exploring mesoscale variability associated with the Gulf Stream and DWBC.
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Figure 1. Map showing CPIES locations (red dots, site C1 to the north, C2 to the south) relative to the Pioneer MAB moorings (yellow dots) and the Pioneer Offshore Flux glider line (blue). The red line is the time-averaged position of the Gulf Stream core and the dotted lines are Jason satellite altimetry tracks. Heavy contours are the 200 and 1000 m isobaths.[/caption]
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Figure 2. Data returned via satellite from the first two Popup Data Shuttles from CPIES at site C1(blue) and C2 (red). Hourly and two-day lowpass filtered records are shown for (a) round-trip acoustic travel time, (b) bottom pressure, (c,d) near-bottom meridional and zonal currents.[/caption]
Read More CI Compass Interns Showcase Innovative Summer Research with OOI
The CI Compass Fellowship Program (CICF), funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF), prepares undergraduate students for careers in cyberinfrastructure through both training and applied research opportunities. The program begins with a 12-week virtual Spring Program, where students are introduced to skills essential for cyberinfrastructure careers at NSF Major or Mid-scale Facilities. Following the spring training, students may apply for the Summer Program, which places a limited number of Fellows in hands-on projects at collaborating NSF facilities.
Through this pathway, CI Compass Fellows Ejay Aguirre and Dylan Hermosillo earned internships with OOI this summer, where they applied their training to advance projects at the intersection of ocean science, cyberinfrastructure, and data analysis.
One project focused on connecting large-scale climate phenomena with accessible environmental data. Ejay Aguirre, an undergraduate at the University of Utah, integrated datasets from OOI, Ocean Networks Canada (ONC), and the National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON) to investigate how the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is reflected across different monitoring sites. Using Python and Jupyter Notebook, he built a workflow for retrieving, cleaning, and comparing data across infrastructures. The analysis revealed that site characteristics, particularly latitude, influence the visibility of ENSO signals, with higher-latitude sites exhibiting weaker short-term patterns. Future work includes expanding the study to additional sites for broader spatial coverage, incorporating other climate indicators such as the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and North Pacific Gyre Oscillation (NPGO), and publishing a publicly accessible, fully documented Jupyter Notebook to support reusability within the research community.
The second project addressed the challenge of monitoring ice conditions in the North Atlantic. Dylan Hermosillo, who will begin a PhD program in Bioinformatics at North Carolina State University, developed a convolutional neural network for ice detection using images collected by cameras mounted on a surface buoy at the OOI Irminger Array. The project stemmed from anomalies in buoy sensor data caused by iced-over instruments, which prompted the addition of cameras as supplementary monitoring tools. He worked with approximately 256,000 images, applying preprocessing steps such as pixel normalization and consistency checks. Tools like Dyno v2 and Facebook AI’s image similarity search were used to sort and filter the dataset. While challenges remained with image resolution and varying camera perspectives, the project demonstrated the feasibility of using buoy-mounted cameras to detect ice flows. Future directions include applying similar methods to cloud separation studies and exploring the integration of instruments such as solar meters to enhance atmospheric observations.
Reflecting on their progress, Jeffrey Glatstein, Senior Manager of Cyberinfrastructure at OOI noted, “Both Ejay and Dylan demonstrated how student researchers can make meaningful contributions when given the opportunity, providing fresh perspectives and impactful solutions that help advance OOI’s mission.”
As the CI Compass Fellowship Program continues to grow, it provides an important opportunity for developing the next generation of scientists and researchers engaged in cyberinfrastructure and data-intensive science.
Learn more about the CI Compass Fellowship Program by visiting the CI Compass website.
For those interested in the application process of the program, please visit the CI Compass Fellowship Program’s application process webpage.
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Air and water temperature plot generated from OOI data.[/caption]
Read More 