News
New Hints When Axial Might Erupt: Precursor Events Detected Through Machine Learning
A recent paper by Wang et al., “Volcanic precursor revealed by machine learning offers new eruption forecasting capability” [1] describes the characterization of time-dependent spectral features of earthquakes at Axial Seamount prior to the 2015 using unsupervised machine learning (this method applies algorithms to analyze data without humans in the loop). A major finding from this work is the identification of a distinct burst of mixed-frequency earthquake (MEF) signals that rapidly increased 15 hours prior to the start of the eruption, peaked one hour before lavas reached the seafloor, and earthquakes at Axial Seamount prior to the 2015 using unsupervised machine learning (this method applies algorithms to analyze data without humans in the loop). A major finding from this work is the identification of a distinct burst of mixed-frequency earthquake (MEF) signals that rapidly increased 15 hours prior to the start of the eruption, peaked one hour before lavas reached the seafloor, and migrated along pre-existing faults. The earthquakes are thought to reflect brittle failure driven by magma migration and/or degassing of volatiles. The source mantle beneath Axial Seamount contains extremely high CO2 concentrations leading to high concentrations in the melts [3,4]. MEFs were detected for months prior to the eruption, which could result from volatile release associated with inflation of the sills that feed Axial [5]. Importantly, the identification of these signals may help forecasting of the upcoming Axial eruption and may also be applied to other active volcanoes.
The authors utilized a wealth of geophysical data from the past decade to present an integrated view of Axial (Figure 1) including a subset of earthquake data 4 months prior to the eruption (67,767 out of their >240,000 earthquake catalogue from the RCA seismic array [2]), coupled with bottom pressure from BOTPT instruments at the Central Caldera and Eastern Caldera sites, and 3D modeling.
[caption id="attachment_34973" align="alignnone" width="640"]
After Wang et al., 2024 [1] Figures 1 and 4: a) Heatmap of earthquake density at Axial Seamount from Nov 2014 to Dec 2021 [2]. Image highlights mixed‐frequency earthquakes (MFEs – light blue dots) one day before the eruption, the caldera rim (white solid line), the 1.5 km depth contour of the Axial magma chamber (AMC)(dashed white line), eruptive fissures (orange lines), lava flows of the 2015 eruption (yellow lines), the location of the RCA short-period seismometer array (white triangles),broadband seismometer AXCC1 and bottom pressure tilt instruments (MJ03E and MJ03F. Heatmap shows the number of earthquakes in each 25 m × 25 m bins. b) Cartoon summarizing observations. Tidally‐driven earthquakes occur on caldera ring faults, while the MFEs track movement of volatiles and magma prior to the eruption. c) possible mechanisms of the MFEs. ① and ② correspond to crack opening and volatile/magma influx processes.[/caption]___________________
References:
[1] Wang, K., F. Waldhouser, M. Tolstoy, D. Schaff, T. Sawi, W.S.D. Wilcock, and Y.J. Tan (2024) Volcanic precursor revealed by machine learning offers new eruption forecasting capability. Geophyiscal Research Letters, 51 (19) https://doi.org/10.1029/2024GL108631.
[2] Wang, K., F. Waldhouser, D.P. Schaff, M. Tolstoy, W.S.D. Wilcock, and Y.J. Tan (2024) Real-time detection of volcanic unrest and eruption at Axial Seamount using machine learning. Seismological Research Letters, 95, 2651–2662, doi: 10.1785/0220240086.
[3] Helo, C., M.-A. Longpre, N. Shimizu, D.A. Clague and J. Stix. (2011) Explosive eruptions at mid-ocean ridges driven by CO2-rich magmas. Nature Geoscience. 4, 260–263 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1104.
[4] Dixon, J. E., E. Stolper, E., and J.R. Delaney (1988). Infrared spectroscopic measurements of CO2 and H2O in Juan de Fuca Ridge basaltic glasses. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 90(1), 87–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/0012‐821x(88)90114‐8.
Read MoreOOI-CGSN Team Completes First Standalone AUV Cruise at Pioneer MAB Array
The Ocean Observatories Initiative’s (OOI) Coastal and Global Scale Nodes (CGSN) team recently conducted their first standalone small vessel Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) cruise at the Pioneer Mid-Atlantic Bight (MAB) Array. Aboard the R/V Virginia, team members Andy Robinson, Collin Dobson, and Dan Bogorff successfully completed dock testing of their launch and recovery systems before heading offshore to carry out AUV transects through the array.
The mission utilized two REMUS600 AUVs, equipped with a variety of scientific instruments, including CTDs (conductivity, temperature, depth), fluorometers, dissolved oxygen sensors, nitrate sensors, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) sensors, and ADCPs (acoustic doppler current profilers). These tools provide essential data for understanding ocean conditions and biogeochemical processes at the Pioneer MAB array.
This accomplishment highlights the OOI-CGSN team’s dedication to advancing autonomous AUV ocean exploration and data-driven research.
[gallery size="full" ids="34951,34952,34953,34954,34955,34956"](c): Collin Dobson
Read MoreUpcoming OOI SUGR Meeting Focused on Advancing Ocean Carbon Research
The Ocean Observatories Initiative (OOI) is hosting a Scientific User Group for Research (SUGR) meeting just before the AGU conference in Washington, D.C. on Sunday, December 8th from 11am-2pm ET. This meeting will serve as a platform for both current and potential users of OOI and other datasets to collaborate on research efforts aimed at improving our understanding of the Carbon Cycle.
The SUGR meeting will feature key presentations on ocean carbon science and data quality, followed by a discussion on updating the GOOS-Endorsed Best Practices document to incorporate the latest scientific advancements. Attendees will also see a demonstration of the OOI data explorer, highlighting its role in improving data quality assessments and research. Additionally, the meeting will invite input on potential new sensors to enhance OOI’s infrastructure, further supporting biogeochemical research.
This is an excellent opportunity to collaborate, share experiences, and learn more about how OOI data contributes to carbon cycle research.
The meeting will last for three hours and include a lunch break, with boxed lunches provided for in-person attendees. If you’re interested in attending, please contact Amber Coogan, OOI’s Community Engagement Manager, at amber.coogan@whoi.edu, and indicate whether you’d prefer to attend in person or virtually.
Note: AGU registration is not required to participate in the SUGR meeting.
Read MoreOpen Call for Applications: OOI Facility Board
The U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) Ocean Observatories Initiative Facility Board (OOIFB) is tasked with representing the science community and users of the NSF Ocean Observatories Initiative (OOI) Facility. The OOIFB works to expand scientific and public awareness of OOI, and ensure that the oceanographic community is kept informed of developments of NSF OOI.
The OOIFB is soliciting applications to fill one membership position that will open as of November 30, 2024. The selected individual will fill one term that will run through November 30, 2027, and then be eligible to serve an additional 3-year term.
Scientists, spanning water column to seafloor expertise, as well as experimentalists, engineers, and modelers, with experience using scientific observing systems, such as the NSF OOI, are encouraged to apply. Familiarity/expertise with Station Papa, the Irminger Sea Array, and/or the Regional Cabled Array are preferred, although not required. All interested applicants will be considered.
The OOIFB holds at least one in-person meeting per year and one web conference each month. The responsibilities of the OOIFB may include, but are not limited to, the following:
- Serving as the prime scientific and technical conduit between the oceanographic community and NSF regarding OOI.
- Examining the accomplishments and work flow of the NSF OOI Operator, in order to provide feedback regarding the NSF OOI Annual Work Plans (AWPs).
- Via workshops, community meetings, and/or other mechanisms, stimulate and engage the user community in order to keep the accomplishments of the NSF OOI at the cutting edge of scientific inquiry and technological innovation.
- Developing and implementing strategies to expand scientific and public awareness of the unique scientific and technological opportunities of the NSF OOI.
- Helping to identify collaborative relationships with potential governmental, industrial, educational, and international partners in the NSF OOI, where appropriate.
- Ensure fair and consistent access to the NSF OOI by all sectors of the user community.
Applications should be submitted to Holly Morin, at the OOIFB Administrative Support Office (holly@ooifb.org), and must include a letter of interest and a CV. The statement of interest should highlight the applicant’s experience using observatory data, as well as how the applicant has supported the introduction and/or inclusion of ocean sciences to underrepresented communities and have fostered an environment of respect in their research endeavors. Applicants who have not yet had the opportunity for such experience should note how their work will further OOIFB’s commitment to diversity.
Please note, applications cannot be accepted from individuals affiliated with the NSF OOI Program Facility institutions (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Oregon State University, and the University of Washington), individuals under contract with the NSF OOI Program, and individuals from institutions already represented on the OOIFB (the current list of OOIFB members is available HERE).
Applications are due by November 18, 2024. Applications will be reviewed by the OOIFB, who will give due consideration to the qualifications of applicants, as well as the maintenance of gender, career level, discipline, and regional balance on the OOIFB. For more information about OOIFB and its activities, please visit the website, http://ooifb.org, or contact Dax Soule, OOIFB Chair (Dax.Soule@qc.cuny.edu).
Read MoreOOI Supports Scientific Collaboration at UCAR Annual Meeting
The Ocean Observatories Initiative (OOI) participated in the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR) meeting held on October 8-9, 2024 in Boulder, CO. This annual gathering serves as an important platform for collaboration among leading atmospheric and oceanographic research institutions.
At the meeting, OOI Principal Investigator and Senior Scientist Jim Edson discussed with attendees the latest advancements in ocean data collection, spotlighting the role of OOI’s data in critical climate research. He was given the opportunity to describe the OOI and some of the enabled science to a several labs at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR). These included presentations to members of NCAR’s Climate & Global Dynamics Lab (Ocean Section); Earth Observing Lab; Mesoscale & Microscale Meteorology; Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Lab. Jim highlighted efforts to deploy advanced sensors in previously under-sampled areas, such as the Irminger Sea and Gulf of Alaska, addressing major data gaps in these regions. These efforts are essential for gaining a deeper understanding of ocean-atmosphere interactions.
We expect to follow up these meetings with NCAR at the AGU and/or AMS meetings in December and January, respectively. OOI’s partnership with UCAR highlights a shared commitment to integrated climate monitoring. By providing high-quality, real-time ocean data, OOI enables scientists to improve climate models, enhance forecasting precision, and support policy decisions aimed at environmental sustainability.
[caption id="attachment_34970" align="alignnone" width="640"]
Jim Edson, Carol Anne Clayson (WHOI) and Janet Sprintall (SIO) check out the Cloud Display at the NCAR Mesa Laboratory during the UCAR Reception.[/caption]
Read More UG2 Workshop ’24: A Collaborative Hub for Underwater Glider Innovation
The UG2 Workshop ’24, held from September 10-12 on the University of Michigan campus, brought together leading researchers, industry professionals, and practitioners to advance the capabilities and collaborative efforts of the underwater glider community. National Science Foundation Ocean Observatories Initiative (OOI) attendees included Ed Dever, Principal Investigator of the Northeast Pacific Endurance Array (EA), Peter Brickley, Senior Engineer with the Coastal and Global Scale Nodes (CGSN), and EA glider lead Stuart Pearce and glider tech Jonathan Whitefield. Over the course of three days, OOI participants contributed to in-depth discussions on data management, operational best practices, and emerging technologies, laying the foundation for future advancements in ocean monitoring and glider operations.
Workshop Goals and Objectives
The primary objective of UG2 is to foster a cohesive community that promotes the sharing of glider mission resources within the U.S. and internationally. The 2024 Workshop aimed to:
- Harmonize Glider Efforts: Improve data management and foster partnerships while documenting best practices to enhance collaboration.
- Share New Developments: Highlight recent advancements in sensors, glider technologies, and novel applications.
- Refine Operational Activities: Enhance strategies for sustained ocean observations and explore the impact of glider data on ocean modeling.
- Identify Action Items and Needs: Address communication gaps and improve UG2’s communication platforms for the future.
- Network with Glider Users: Facilitate interactions among U.S. and international glider users to strengthen partnerships.
Key Highlights
The workshop featured several interactive components that fostered deep engagement and collaborative dialogue:
- Liesl Hotaling’s Plenary Talk and Breakout Session: Liesl Hotaling’s plenary talk and subsequent breakout session focused on developing microcredentials for ocean technology professionals. This initiative aims to address workforce needs by creating stackable credentials that recognize core competencies. Her session, co-led with Josh Kohut, invited attendees to discuss the application of these credentials in building capacity for glider maintenance and piloting.
- Data Management Sessions (Day 2): A significant portion of Day 2 was dedicated to addressing challenges in glider data management. Facilitators Jennifer Bowers, Leila Baghdad-Brahim, and Jennifer Sevadjian led discussions on best practices for data collection, registration, and sharing. The sessions provided valuable insights into the U.S. IOOS National Glider Data Assembly Center (DAC) and efforts to standardize glider data handling, ensuring efficient management of multidimensional data. All OOI glider data are routinely reported to the DAC using code developed by Stuart Pearce and others.
- Sustained National Glider Network Session (Day 2): Daniel Rudnick and J. Xavier Prochaska facilitated this session, which emphasized the importance of a sustained glider-based observation network within the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS). Participants explored the feasibility of creating a coordinated network that integrates coastal and basin-scale observations, building on previous efforts by the Ocean Gliders Boundary Ocean Observing Network (BOON). The OOI’s Endurance Array lines are part of the BOON along the US Pacific coast.
- Poster Presentations: The poster sessions showcased a wide range of research and operational insights. OOI contributed two posters.
- Stuart Pearce et al. presented a poster on “OOI In-Air Oxygen Calibration Adjustments and Improved Oxygen Sensor Mount,” highlighting advancements in sensor calibration for improved accuracy.
- Peter Brickley et al. showcased “OOI Glider Operations in the Mid-Atlantic Bight,” detailing operational strategies and findings from extensive glider deployments in this dynamic region.
Outcomes and Next Steps
The workshop successfully facilitated deep engagement and collaboration, resulting in several key outcomes:
- Enhanced Data Management Practices: The data management sessions provided a comprehensive overview of current challenges and future directions, including early-stage data federation efforts aimed at harmonizing international standards.
- Support for a Sustained Glider Network: The discussions around a national glider network laid the groundwork for future collaboration, emphasizing the need for long-term, high-resolution coastal and deep ocean observations.
- Advancements in Professional Training: The workshop underscored the importance of developing innovative, stackable educational opportunities to build capacity in the blue economy. These efforts aim to enhance workforce skills and provide diverse learning pathways for individuals seeking careers in ocean technology.
[caption id="attachment_34904" align="alignnone" width="640"]
Stuart Pearce (OSU Endurance, left), Brian VerWey (OSU research glider group, center), and Jonathan Whitefield (OSU Endurance, right) pose during discussions around Brian’s poster.[/caption]
Read More Irminger Sea Wind Speed Validation
The Irminger Sea in the North Atlantic is a stormy, windy place. Consequently, it is an area of interest for studying the flux balance of heat, momentum, and biogeochemically important gasses such as CO2. The Ocean Observatories Initiative (OOI) deploys meteorological instruments in the Irminger Sea, as part of the OOI Global Irminger Sea Array, to collect in-situ observations in this relatively undersampled region. The goal is to deliver high-quality, long-term observations to the ocean science community to study these, and many more, questions of interest.
Validating these measurements is an important part of delivering quality data to the ocean science community. This summer, rising senior at California State University – Monterey Bay Aaron Wickware took on the challenge of validating OOI wind measurements in the Irminger Sea. Aaron was a Woods Hole Partnership in Education Program (PEP) scholar. PEP is a program designed primarily for college juniors and seniors from underrepresented groups who want to spend a summer gaining practical experience in marine and environmental science. The program consists of an accredited course in global climate change and a ten-week research project.
At Aaron’s disposal were six different sensors: a Gill Windobserver II two-axis sonic anemometer, R.M. Young Wind Monitor propeller-driven anemometer, and a Gill R3 three-axis sonic anemometer integrated into the direct flux covariance instrument (FDCHP) on the recently deployed Irminger Sea surface mooring; a Gill Windobserver II on the surface mooring to be recovered; and the two Vaisala sonic anemometers located on the ship’s mast. Aaron downloaded all the data, identified the overlapping time periods, calculated the wind speeds from the u-and-v-vector components, adjusted the speeds to a common-height using a community standard bulk flux algorithm (COARE 3.5), and took the 1-hour averages. His resulting comparison demonstrated that the two Gill two-axis sonic anemometers under-reported wind at speeds greater than 8 m/s. His workflow and analysis code are accessible on his GitHub page at https://github.com/Aaron-Wickware/ooicgsn-wind-validation.
Aaron’s results are part of a broader OOI Data Team investigation into the accuracy of buoy-based sonic anemometer wind measurements. This work is being followed up by similar sensor cross-comparisons at other mooring arrays. The results will be incorporated into a report to facilitate the use of data from the OOI-deployed buoy-based anemometers.
[caption id="attachment_34892" align="alignnone" width="493"] Figure 1. Comparison of hourly-averaged wind speeds with standard deviations from the six available wind sensors all operating at the same time at the OOI Global Irminger Sea Array.[/caption]
Read More Connecting Science and Community: Key Insights from the OOIFB Pioneer MAB Workshop
The Coastal Pioneer Southern Mid-Atlantic Bight (MAB) Array Community Workshop, held from September 10-12, 2024, at Old Dominion University, brought together a diverse group of scientists, educators, and stakeholders to explore the potential of the Pioneer MAB Array in advancing oceanographic research in the region. Funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) and dedicated to the memory of Dr. Larry Atkinson, the event organized by the Ocean Observatories Initiative Facilities Board (OOIFB), aimed to highlight the array’s capabilities, evaluate regional research progress, and promote collaboration within the ocean research community.
Workshop Focus and Objectives
The workshop offered an in-depth exploration of the Pioneer MAB Array, showcasing its measurement capabilities and ability to improve our understanding of the Southern Mid-Atlantic Bight’s complex oceanographic processes. Participants reviewed past research, discussed data access, and assessed current knowledge and gaps in the region, guided by insights from local stakeholders to align research priorities with community needs.
Day 1: Setting the Stage for Collaborative Research
The first day began with a dedication to Dr. Larry Atkinson, whose career laid the groundwork for many oceanographic initiatives in the region. The morning sessions featured an overview of NSF funding opportunities, encouraging participants to propose innovative research projects using OOI data.
The OOI presentations showcased the successes of past research and outlined the proposal process for adding instruments to the array. These discussions set the stage for deeper dives into key science themes, such as the dynamics of shelf-slope exchange, biogeochemical cycling, and the impact of extreme events like hurricanes, winter storms and freshwater outflows.
The afternoon was dedicated to breakout sessions, where participants engaged in discussions on specific science themes. These sessions allowed for the exploration of collaborative research ideas and the identification of potential projects that could leverage the capabilities of the Pioneer MAB Array.
Day 2: Harnessing Data for Research and Innovation
The second day focused on data access and utilization, with hands-on demonstrations of the latest OOI data tools. Participants were introduced to the OOI Data Explorer and other data access methods that facilitate the retrieval and analysis of complex oceanographic data. These sessions also highlighted the program’s approach to data quality assurance and control, ensuring that researchers have access to reliable and accurate information.
Breakout sessions offered practical experience with data access through various platforms including Jupyter notebooks. These tools enable researchers to leverage the rich datasets provided by the Pioneer MAB Array for a wide range of projects, from studying physical oceanography and biogeochemistry to investigating ecosystem dynamics and the effects of extreme weather events.
The day concluded with a panel discussion on the use of modeling in interdisciplinary projects, providing insights into how data can be integrated into complex models to better understand ocean processes.
Day 3: Expanding Broader Impacts and Future Directions
The final day of the workshop shifted focus to the broader impacts of using OOI data in educational and community contexts. Panel discussions explored innovative ways to integrate OOI data into K-12 and higher education curriculums, as well as engaging citizen scientists and the fishing community in data collection and its many uses. These sessions highlighted the potential for data-driven outreach and education programs to inspire the next generation of oceanographers and to raise public awareness of ocean science.
Key Takeaways
The workshop highlighted the Pioneer MAB Array’s potential to advance our understanding of the Southern Mid-Atlantic Bight and emphasized the importance of accessible data for researchers, educators, and citizen scientists. It effectively fostered collaboration within the scientific community, paving the way for new research initiatives that will propel scientific progress in the region for years to come.
[caption id="attachment_34869" align="alignnone" width="640"]
OOI Principal Investigator, James Edson[/caption]
[caption id="attachment_34866" align="alignnone" width="640"]
George Voulgaris, NSF OOI Program Director[/caption]
Read More Deep-Sea Biodiversity: VIAME and OOI JupyterHub Accelerate Research
Off the coast of Oregon, the Axial Seamount on the Juan de Fuca Ridge hosts the ASHES vent field, a site rich in hydrothermal activity and diverse marine life. Principal Investigators, Dax Soule and Karen Bemis, and their teams are leveraging footage from past expeditions, captured by the OOI CamHD video archive, to study species diversity and abundance in this extreme environment.
With hundreds of terabytes of video data available, manual analysis is impractical. To address this, master’s student Julia Sandke and a team of undergraduate researchers are utilizing VIAME (Video and Image Analytics for a Marine Environment), a tool that helps build machine learning datasets by automating the annotation and classification of vent organisms. The goal is to use these datasets to train models that can autonomously analyze species diversity and abundance.
The integration of VIAME’s directories into the OOI JupyterHub environment, along with the addition of Nvidia L40S GPUs, has been a pivotal advancement. Previously, the team faced long delays using the shared VIAME web interface. Now, with dedicated resources in JupyterHub and the enhanced power of GPUs, they can significantly speed up machine learning processes, such as video training and data analysis, which once took days to complete.
This new computational power allows the team to begin unlocking the wealth of data in the CamHD archive, delving deeper into the species diversity around these vents. The long-term goal of the project is to use computer vision and machine learning to develop models that can track species abundance and predict key changes in the ecosystem. For example, these models could forecast where target species may appear after volcanic eruptions at Axial Seamount, providing researchers crucial insights into the shifting biological landscape of hydrothermal vent environments.
[caption id="attachment_34847" align="alignnone" width="640"]
Credit: UW/NSF-OOI/WHOI; J2-1613. V24[/caption]
Read More Data Systems Committee – Call for Applications
The Data Systems Committee (DSC) of the Ocean Observatories Initiative Facility Board (OOIFB) was established to help ensure timely and reliable access to high-quality U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) Ocean Observatories Initiative (OOI) data. The Committee evaluates and recommends improvements to the data services policies and practices of the NSF OOI Facility that will lead to more efficient and effective scientific use of NSF OOI data. The DSC is now soliciting applications to fill one open position. This 3-year appointment will begin October 2024. The selected individual will be eligible to serve a second 3-year term, if fitting.
The DSC holds at least one in-person meeting per year and one web conference each month. Some objectives of the DSC include:
- Keeping abreast of the current state of the NSF OOI cyberinfrastructure and data services with the goal of helping to promote maximum scientific use of NSF OOI data. These efforts will be informed by the FAIR Guiding Principles for scientific data management and stewardship, such that data are: a) Findable, b) Accessible, c) Interoperable, and d) Reusable.
- Encouraging the use of best practices, standards, and naming conventions established by the oceanographic community.
- Engaging with the user community to gauge user needs in regard to NSF OOI data systems, and to facilitate the promotion of a positive user experience.
- Staying current on potential new modes of data service and access, data analysis methodologies, and related technologies that facilitate the use of NSF OOI data.
- Engaging with the NSF OOI Program team regarding the priorities and plans of the NSF OOI cyberinfrastructure groups.
- Making recommendations for data products, usage metrics, and improving the user experience on the OOI Data Explorer, as well as other data service systems employed by the NSF OOI.
Scientists with interests and/or experience using scientific observing systems such as the NSF OOI, as well as those with experience in successfully delivering data from large-scale multi-sensor observing systems to scientific users are encouraged to apply. Interested applicants should submit a letter of interest and accompanying CV to Holly Morin, at the OOIFB Administrative Support Office (holly@ooifb.org), no later than September 17, 2024. The statement of interest should highlight the applicant’s experience with OOI data services and/or with other similar data services. Applicants might also include their experiences with OOI data services and/or a vision for how these might evolve in the future. All applications will be considered. Applications will be reviewed by the DSC members who will give due consideration to the qualifications of applicants, as well as to maintenance of gender, career level, disciplinary, and regional balance on the Committee. For more information about the DSC and its activities, please visit the OOIFB website: http://ooifb.org or contact Jim Potemra, DSC Chair (jimp@hawaii.edu).
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